Impact of Social Media on Mental Health - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1567 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Technology. Are we better off with it or without it? Can we keep up with the problems that it causes? These are the questions that are on everyones mind, especially those of us who deal with adolescents. Those of us who basically grew up last century (1950 1980) saw a lot of changes in technology. Those changes for the most part were ones that made daily life better. The television, computers, the internet, and different parts of the medical field (surgery, patient care, psychology / psychairy) to name a few. What people did not realize were the issues and problems that technology could bring about mainly with adolescents and their mental health. An article in the New York Times points out that texting, which can be incredibly distracting, can take a toll on a teens mental health. From a study done by Pew Research Center, teens are texting over 50 texts per day, and one third of teens are texting 100 or more per day. One in seven teens send more than 200 texts. Its easier, they say, to text than to make a phone call. Todays technology is growing in leaps and bounds, much faster than it was during our childhood. Now we have so much social media Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat that it is hard to keep up with it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact of Social Media on Mental Health" essay for you Create order When we were teenagers and we had a problem at school or with friends namely bullying it was usually dealt with quickly (either a physical or verbal fight or our parents meeting with the other teens parents or the school getting involved). Nowadays, it is not face to face bullying. Now the bullying is done on social media where the ENTIRE world is made aware of what is going on just down the block. This is where technology causes massive problems. Since, when social media is used, the person spreading the negative information or comments is sitting in front of a computer or looking into the screen of a smart phone and it doesnt feel real because they are not seeing the impact or hearing what their comments are having on the other person. This is where it is very easy misinterpretations to happen. You dont know whether the person is serious or just being sarcastic something that you can if you are face to face. Nowadays, what with all the positive / negative technology that is available to teenagers, we as adults are having a hard time keeping up with it. While we are better equipped to handle most of what is thrown our way via social media due to our more developed coping mechanisms, teenagers are not able to do the same. What we had growing up (TV (7-9 channels) music (8-track, cassettes, vinyl records) was not necessarily instant gratification. Maybe according to our elders it was (since they had even less technology), but it is nowhere near what adolescents are facing today. Again, while we were teenagers, we had to wait for something (new electronics, new clothing, latest cellphone, a TV show we wanted to see and if we missed it oh well). Most of the technology now is basically an individual person using it and not a group, which leads to losing social skills. Todays teenager has a lot to deal with especially the negative impact of social media. They may deal with low self-esteem, depression and anxiety; a lot of which is normal in a teenager. But this is exacerbated by the immediateness of the different things that are posted on social media. They also deal with sleep deprivation which also affects their mental status as well as their academics. Think back to when you were a kid. You would lie in be reading a book under the covers with a flashlight so that your parents wouldnt know what you were doing. Imagine a never-ending book social media something that you cant put down because of the fear of missing out (FOMO) the next post, tweet, etc. Unfortunately, some teenagers havent made the connection between why they feel bad to what is happening online. And then to make matters worse, they dont tell their parents or guardian, who normally would find somewhere where the teenager could seek help (mental health provider). They in stead either seek out their friends, or in most cases a stranger online, which brings them right back to the problem not the solution. What teenagers have a hard time doing is separating fact from fiction. We as adults also have a hard time doing the same thing, but I believe that we are more prepared to do it. Many teenagers may suffer from the grass is always greener on the other side. They read the different profiles that are up in social media and they believe that this is the truth of the person who posted it. They have no way of knowing if this is true or if this is just something that someone posted to make themselves better than what they are. Thats how so many pedophiles and stalkers get what they want. They post a picture of someone that does not even remotely look like them. They create this whole persona with like and hobbies, address and school that the adolescent cant check (or doesnt want to). Slowly they reel them in and then just dare them to meet somewhere so they can really get to know each other. There has also been a rise on stalking, pedophilia, kidnapping, etc. Mental health providers are having a difficult time trying to make their teenage patients believe that everything that is posted is not necessarily the truth. Adolescents feel that if its posted then it has to be true. Plus, with the rising cost of insurance, many parents cannot provide their children with extended therapy. What many of the providers are suggesting is that parents get more involved with their childrens daily lives by having dinner together, shutting off technology for the weekend, checking their work from school, asking questions to ascertain if there are any problems can be nipped in the bud, have parents or adults explain that everything they read is not necessarily the truth. Teenagers have an intense need to be accepted by their social peers. And if they have to exaggerate to do this, then so be it. The only problem is that if they are caught in this lie not just the immediate area friends find out but the whole world does so as well. Many teenage girls have body issues due to the perfect ones they see on Twitter, Snapchat, Instagram and Facebook. Some mental health providers have suggested that we as parents limit the use of technology to a couple of hours daily. Easier said than done. When some teenagers have their internet usage limited, some actually have anxiety attacks. Their phone is like an extension of their body and they cant seem to comprehend the need to disconnect from it. They feel that if they are not paying attention to it continuously then they are missing out on something important. This has been labeled as Internet compulsion since teenagers are unable and unwilling to stay of any form of social media. This affects the same part of the brain that causes gambling, drinking drug addiction. The insidiousness of an addiction to the internet is that you develop more of a mental dependence to everything online. Researchers have also linked compulsive Internet use to a range of mental healt h concerns including mental ill-health, low self-esteem, loneliness, depression, social phobia, and even suicidal thoughts. There has been a rise of teen suicide due to excessive use of the internet, what is written on social media and bullying. A number of studies have found associations between increased social media use and the aforementioned issues in addition to sleep problems eating concerns and teenagers giving in to peer pressure. The cyberbully starts a systematic abuse of the teen. The same way that the teen cannot see who is on the other side of the computer, the cyberbully does not see that what they are saying is being said to a real live person that may or may not be taking what they say as truth. An analysis by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in August found the suicide rate among teenage girls ages 15 to 19 hit a 40-year high in 2015. Between 2007 and 2015, the rates doubled among girls and rose by more than 30 percent among teen boys. There has also been an increase in bullies using social media to egg on their victim to committing suicide or carry out a harmful act. Another problem that adolescents face is that they have no one to talk to because their parents are at work all the time to make ends meet, they are responsible for younger siblings, chores that their parents leave for them, they are part of a single parent family, etc. So, adolescents, without knowing who is on the other side of the computer, confide in someone who shows them that they have time for them. There are also some mental health apps available that teens confide in, but these apps give a cookie cutter diagnosis every teen with problem A can be helped by doing B. This is not always the case. Teens are individuals, with individual needs and problems. Parents must listen to what their children are saying and what they are saying by their behavior.

The Sumatran Elephant A Pachyderm s Plight - 1184 Words

The Sumatran Elephant: A Pachyderm’s Plight Marina Dauer AP Environmental Science Mrs. Bukis/ Mrs. Warner 26 June 2015 The Sumatran elephant is a critically endangered animal whose continued existence is being threatened due to conflict with humans. The Sumatran elephant’s scientific name is Elephas Maximus Sumatranus, and it is a subspecies of the Asian Elephant. The Sumatran elephant is in the kingdom Animalia, the phylum Chordata, the class Mammalia, the order Proboscidea, the family Elephantidae, the genus Elephas, and the species Elephas Maximus. At 6,500 to 11,000 pounds, the Sumatran elephant is a truly massive creature. Even young elephants can weigh up to 1 ton (2,000 pounds). The females, called cows, are smaller than the males. Sumatran elephants stand 5-9 feet at the shoulder, and can be up to 20 feet in length. The average lifespan is 55-70 years. In contrast to the African elephant, the Sumatran elephant has smaller ears and a more curved spine. However, its ears are still large and provide it with excellent hearing (better than a human’s). The Sumatran elephant’s skin is leathery and grey-brown; it has lighter coloring than the Indian or Sri Lankan elephants and also has fewer areas of depigmentation. All Sumatran Elephants have large trunks, which they use to drink, smell, and collect food, as well as many other things. Their trunk has over 40,000 muscles and is their most flexible body part. Male Sumatran elephants also have tusks, which are

Where ever people live together law and rules are developed Free Essays

Law is an interesting profession to choose and lawyers make a difference in people’s lives. A career in law means a commitment to the peaceful resolution of disputes. The disagreements are not likely to be eradicated hence the need for lawyer is not likely to disappear. We will write a custom essay sample on Where ever people live together law and rules are developed or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to remove complexities in the environment law is a requirement. Where ever people live together law and rules are developed. Rules are necessary for settling of disputes. Law is a group of rules that are enforced by the government through police, its courts and the agencies. Law helps people to peacefully live in a society. If there was no law every man could do whatever he feel like doing. There are two types of law which includes civil law and criminal law. Civil law settles disputes between people and companies. Whereas criminal law is concerned regarding crimes and actions that cause harm to an individual or group. Law enforcement is one of the most important ways a government has of protecting its citizens. I am very eager and enthusiastic about the law profession since my high school started. I was impatiently waiting for my school to over so that I can begin with my law school. From the beginning of my school I was really involved in all the law related discussions and used to spend ample amount of time on searching for law profession. I used to keep myself updated with all the legal matters going around. Law has become a passion for me and I’m very keenly waiting for the response for admission in the law school. I frequently read many case studies and articles on law and try to apply the knowledge to do the analysis. In the end I would conclude that no society could exist if all people did just as they are pleased and the law thus establishes the rules that define a person’s rights and obligations. How to cite Where ever people live together law and rules are developed, Essays

Herzberg Theory of Motivation and Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Question: Briefly Explain and apply Herzbergs theory of Motivation to help Shirley. Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the case where a manager named Shirley Henderson has got promotion recently and is facing problems with one of the guy. Tony is the efficient employee. However, he is not doing his work for some reasons like he found his work boring and thinks that he doesn't have a say in work. In other words, he just has to follow the order given by Shirley. The report will discuss the situation with the help of two theories, Herzberg's theory of motivation and expectancy theory of motivation. Herzbergs theory of motivation This theory is based on certain features of work, and they are consistently associated with the elements like job satisfaction, and other factors are related to dissatisfaction with a job (Pepper and Gore, 2015). These factors are mentioned below: - Factors related to satisfaction: - Accountability or responsibility Recognition Accomplishment Work Development Factors for dissatisfaction Polices of the organization Extra supervision Association with the peers and supervisors (Pepper and Gore, 2015) Current work conditions Status Safety or security Salary or remuneration It can be concluded that factors associated with the two elements discussed above are not in complete contrast. It is important to understand the opposite of satisfaction is called as no satisfaction and on the other hand opposite of dissatisfaction is called as no dissatisfaction (Miner, 2015). Job factors are divided into two categories discussed as below: - Hygiene factors: these are those factors that are crucial for the very existence of the motivation for the organization. These factors never lead to positive kind of satisfaction for a long run. However, these factors are not present at the organization and in this case, this will lead to dissatisfaction. Therefore, these factors are crucial for the job and work culture. Such factors are also extrinsic by nature. These factors can also be termed as dissatisfying factors as it needs to ignore dissatisfaction based factors (Nuttin, 2014). Motivation factors: as per theory, hygiene factors cannot be called as motivators. The factors must help in earning the positive level of satisfaction. Such factors are quite inherent towards the work, and these factors encourage the employees for a higher level of performance, and this is called as satisfiers. Understand the reasons for Tonys behavior The above explanation explains that the fact is the main reason of dissatisfaction will not have the capacity to create any dissatisfaction. It will also not add any features associated with job satisfaction can decrease or diminish the level of job dissatisfaction. When any company has the hostile work culture, promotion or appraisal will not make much difference in the attitude (Nuttin, 2014). It is important to create healthy work culture however at the same time, do not provide members of the team with any factor based on satisfaction and the work that they are doing will not make any difference in the level of satisfaction. Therefore, the same kind of situation happened in the case where Tony was not interested in the work because of the work culture which was impacting his level of motivation to perform better despite job satisfaction and good salary package. The work was losing the thrill to play and work efficiently to affect the performance of the organization (Taylor, 2014) . Advise Shirley how to motivate Tony Here, it is important for Shirley to keep pay structure in right manner and it should be equal as well as competitive to those elements which are in similar kind of domain. Then there are some policies in a company that must not be too strict or rigid. It is important that they are clear as well as fair. The working hours should be flexible, right dress code, vacations, and breaks (Taylor, 2014). Tony is high performing employee, so he must be offered a number of plans like health care, advantages for the members of the family and many employee help programs. The work culture must be clean, safe and in a proper manner. The work tools must be timely updated and maintained in the right manner. Also, the status of the employees in the company must be well retained and must be familiar. The association with the employees with the peers as well as supervisors must be acceptable, and there must be no flight element (Drnyei and Ushioda, 2013). In this case, recognition holds a lot of importance where Tony must be praised for the good work and also must be provided with some achievement by the managers. He must also have a sense of accomplishment, and this depends on the work. Tony must also be provided with opportunities based on development and advancement at work in a company to encourage the employees to work better. The workforce should hold themselves accountable for the labour and Shirley should give then an ownership to work and also reduce the overall control but at the same time retain some level of responsibility (L?z?roiu, 2015). Expectancy theory of motivation Other methods are based on the association between the needs internally and the outcome efforts that are expanded to fulfill those needs, but in this theory, the efforts are completely separated which give rise from motivation to results and performance. The expectancy theory is based on the assumption that the outcome of behavior from many conscious alternatives are among the other choices where the motive is to increase the pleasure and reduce the overall pain. Also, the author realized that the performance of the employee is based on many single factors like skills, personality, abilities and much more (L?z?roiu, 2015). He also discussed that the performance, efforts, and motivation are related to the motivation at a personal level, and one must also utilize different components like Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality for the same. Expectancy is based on the belief that rise in the efforts will lead to a rising in performance and one has to work harder to be better. This can be done with the help of a number of methods like having right kind of resources that are present, having right kind of skill set to perform and having all necessary support system to get the work done. While instrumentality is a belief that if an employee performs well that an appreciated result will be accomplished. The level to which an initial level based results will lead to the second level of results. This factor is affected by clarity in understanding the relationship exist between the results and the performance, trusting people who will take right kind of decisions on who achieve the results and transparency in the process that helps in determining who get the results. In the end, valence is crucial that the particular places are based on expected results (Barron and Hulleman, 2015). To have a positive valence, the person should p refer accomplishing the results not to achieve it. For instance, if money motivates anyone, he might not value offers to the additional amount of time off. The elements in valence are efforts based performance expectancy and performance based result expectancy. Understand the reasons for Tonys behavior Like the theory is based on perceptions. Similarly, in the case, Shirley thinks that she has provided everything right to motivate and even if the work with many people in the organization, it never means that someone will not perceive that it will not work for them. Shirley failed to understand that what Tony wants in reward for doing a good work and whether there will be a belief more on the work that will lead to a particular reward (Barron and Hulleman, 2015). Advise Shirley how to motivate Tony Tony is expecting something in return where he will perform to get some recognition and Shirley must do exactly that. She must put more efforts in encouraging his spirit and make work more exciting for him by throwing more challenges at him. It is important to make some associations with people towards some expected results, and the overall contribution must be based on making positive results (Magidson et al., 2014). Conclusion To increase the performance and positive results, managers must use a system that can tie the reward closely with the overall performance. Shirley also requires making sure, that they are rewarded appropriately and are deserved and wanted by the employees. This is mainly to improve the efforts based on performance tie (Magidson et al., 2014). To improve the overall tie between efforts and performance, she must engage employees like Tony in training to develop their capacities and also improve the belief that extra efforts will lead to improvement in performance. Reference Barron, K.E. and Hulleman, C.S., (2015). Expectancy-value-cost model of motivation.International encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences, pp.261-271. Drnyei, Zand Ushioda, E., (2013).Teaching and researching: Motivation. Routledge. L?z?roiu, G., (2015). Work Motivation and Organizational Behavior.Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, (2), pp.66-75. Magidson, J.F., Roberts, B.W., Collado-Rodriguez, A. and Lejuez, C.W., (2014). Theory-driven intervention for changing personality: Expectancy value theory, behavioral activation, and conscientiousness.Developmental psychology,50(5), p.1442. Miner, J.B., (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Nuttin, J., (2014).Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Psychology Press. Pepper, A. and Gore, J., (2015). Behavioral agency theory: New foundations for theorizing about executive compensation.Journal of management,41(4), pp.1045-1068. Taylor, S., (2014).Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety. Routledge

My Hobby Playing Basketball Essay Example

My Hobby: Playing Basketball Essay Through life everyone has found something of interest or something they enjoy doing while passing the time. Its an escape from work and more. That is what a hobby is. Hobbies gives us time to unwind and just enjoy ourselves. For me, my hobby is basketball. Basketball is mine because, Ive been doing it ever since I was a kid and its the one activity I can do and lose myself in. I have grown to love it and it has taught me a lot in the process. I have grown a true passion for it now. Playing has made a major impact in my life and has helped me mature as a young adult. I started playing basketball when I was 9. At the time my brother played it and I would always go to his games with my family to support him. Being my older brother, I always wanted to be around him. I wanted to be just like him and I really looked up to him. He really enjoyed sports and it took up most of his time over the years. I tried doing anything he did. Whether it be a certain way he dressed or and hobby he would do, I was trying to do it. I would draw like he did and try to play the same video games he played. I finally decided I wanted to play sports like him as well. Throughout my child hood I played baseball, soccer, football, and basketball. I was pretty good at all of my sports, but basketball was my most favored.Since then, Ive been playing it and it’s been my main sport and the only one I stuck with. My brother was the reason basketball was my favorite, because that was the one sport he loved the most. This became my hobby and soon it started to become more th an that. We will write a custom essay sample on My Hobby: Playing Basketball specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Hobby: Playing Basketball specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Hobby: Playing Basketball specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The more I played basketball, the moreI interest and excitement I had towards it. I started workingharder in it and put tremendous amounts of time in it. Playing it just brought joy to me. I felt I could lose myself in it. Anytime something was stress full in life I could just escape with basketball. Whether it be school, relationships, or anything, basketball was just my solution. I

What Ever Happenend To Justice essays

What Ever Happenend To Justice essays This short storie is about a 43 year old woman is single and raisin her two grandchildren, there ages now are 9 and 11 years old. we'll when this woman first took her two grand children in her custody they were 3 and 5 years old. The mother of the children just got up one day and left them in her mother's care and never came back. Well one day the mother of the two children suddenly pop's up out of nowhere and takes it upon herself to take the children out of school,and kidnaps them. When the grandmother gets the call she is very frantic,and crying and so she turns to the justice system for there help,just to find out that there is nothing that can be done. The grandmother explains to the police that she has sole custody of her two grandchildren and that she has raised them from a very small age because there mother just left them so that she could go out and party all of the time and of course she was also on drugs? Now this poor woman has turned for help from the justice system and now the system is saying because she is the mother of the children she has rights to them. No! justice is not fair this woman has cared, and loved,and nourish these two children and now she is all alone and sad with a broken heart. Now! whateverhappened to justice. ...

Marketing solving problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing solving problems - Essay Example 267). Most of the new products introduced into the market constantly face stiff competition from the related products. In this context, the â€Å"sinking† grocery store should constitute a credible marketing mix for its existing and newly introduced commodities. Basically, organisations should establish, ratify, and embrace a considerable promotional mix when marketing their products (Banhegyi 2008, p. 236). Contextually, the concerned products should be sold at a considerable price based on its quality and other pricing provisions. The grocery store sells diverse kinds of foods from various places as well as cultures, it basically sell them again to customers. Appropriate marketing will obviously help in this context. The concerned commodities should be distributed to the right places and at the right time. All these are should be done using the most appropriate method of promotion or any other viable means of advertisement. For the grocery to generate an appropriate and practical marketing mix, its products must be of high quality, nutritious, and be appealing to consumers (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel 2011, p. 78). The prices of the products must be affordable and right to the customers (value for money). Accordingly, the grocery store should recognize and satisfy its consumers’ demands. Additionally, the product usage, nutrition, and variety should be taken into consideration. The store should diversify its product areas ranging from fruits to fresh vegetable, snack food and sandwiches among others. The appearance and the perception of the consumers are also necessary when the grocery store is trying to introduce a new product to the market. The name, colour, and size of the product should be carefully established to ensure that it satisfies the customer’s demands. For the grocery store to obtain increased sales of

Gender Inequality on Women in the Workplace Thesis

Gender Inequality on Women in the Workplace - Thesis Example Studies have revealed that such gender inequality have grave effects on women’s perceptions of their efficiency and motivation. Some women fall into the trap of giving in to bleak self-fulfilling prophecies that they are not as good as their male co-workers and eventually prove the expectations to be right. This research paper explores the perceptions of women workers of the realities in the workplace regarding gender equality. It will attempt to investigate the grievances and fulfillments of women regarding their current jobs, pay and career advancement and probe the psychological and emotional effects these have on their job performance and motivation. It is hypothesized that gender inequality exists in workplaces, especially in bigger companies. This is exhibited by a large pay discrepancy between men and women who hold the same position and job descriptions. This study will investigate the workers’ perception of gender inequality across the board. The hypothesis will be: Due to the significance of equal opportunities to citizens the world over, laws have been passed to ensure that they are available to everyone. These laws have been designed protect anyone from being discriminated against by reason of sex, marital status, ethnic or national origin, color, race, nationality, age, disability, religion, and differing terms of employment, including pay for jobs of equal value. 1 In the United Kingdom, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (amended 1986 and in the Employment Act 1989) makes it unlawful to discriminate in terms of gender who is offered the job; opportunities for promotion, transfer and training. (Equal Opportunities Management Guidelines) Â  

Moral and Ethical Dilemma in the ase of Spaulding v Zimmerman Case Study

Moral and Ethical Dilemma in the ase of Spaulding v Zimmerman - Case Study Example The Law Council of Australia has established rules for model conduct of lawyers, however, these tend to revolve around a client-centered approach which is inimical to the practice of law in an ethical manner, rather it tends to be centered around better earning and protecting the client at any cost. Such a client-centered approach makes lawyers amoral and indifferent to maintain ethical standards or morality in the practice of law, thereby engaging in role-differentiated behavior that ignores moral considerations in the case of clients, which would be relevant and applicable in the lawyer’s own life.  Wasserstrom argues that while such an approach may be useful in criminal cases in ensuring that all clients get a fair chance in court, irrespective of the lawyer’s personal convictions in that relevant area, it is not applicable on a wider basis to all cases. Positivist philosophy also separates law and morals, so that a lawyer is not necessarily required to make a mora l decision, rather he/she is expected to ensure that the client’s best interests are served as far as possible within the framework of the law. In the instant case of Spaulding v Zimmerman, the issue that arises is the need to disclose potentially damaging information mandated from an ethical standpoint. Lawyers are to work in the best interests of their clients, yet they are also considered officers of the Court who must serve the cause of fairness, equity and justice. A lawyer has a paramount duty to the Court to pursue the course of justice, which shapes the kind of society that we live in. Allowing individuals to escape with wrongdoing is not in the interests of justice or fairness to all men. Therefore, in the instant case, the professional responsibility of the lawyer would have mandated the disclosure of knowledge that could be inimical to the Plaintiff in the long run, especially since the Defendants were morally in the wrong, to have caused bodily harm to the Plainti ff.

DEFINATION OF SUSTAINABILITY PHENOMENON

DEFINATION OF SUSTAINABILITY PHENOMENON In todays world where populations are growing, where natural resources are stressed and where consumers expectations are expanding, sustainability is absolutely critical issue for our planet. Sustainability is a significant term for many disciplines and one of the important key for living. Then, it has become an important part of organizations with the effect of todays rapidly changed competitive business environment and surely the effect of globalization. Economic Sustainability Environmental Sustainability Social Sustainability Figure 1. Three dimensions of sustainability Sustainability can be described as a permanent ability.  Meaning in the science of ecology, diversity and productivity of the biological system is to ensure the continuity.  Today is a very popular sustainability concept, or fashion in the phrase sustainable growth, underground / aboveground resources, without jeopardizing their life opportunities of future generations to consume to sustain economic growth targets. In 1992, Sustainable Development was the main theme of the Rio Conference, later all the other United Nations conferences had been deeply affected and the basic principles of the UNs approach turned into the world Sustainability. According to the United Nations Environment and Development Commission definition in 1987, Humanity, future generations need to answer capability without jeopardizing the daily needs by providing development to sustain the ability to have. According to Nelson and Winter (1982, pg.5) sustainability adverts to a accumulated and persistent way of growth, at economic level- the economic sustainability or at company level- the business sustainability; an included growth way that provides benefits to people at different types of levels of social position, both within countries and all over the world the social sustainability; and a growth trajectory that recovers and protects the natural environment and is well balanced in terms of exploitation of natural resources- the environmental sustainability. According to all of these senses, sustainability can be related with the accumulative and path dependent nature of the innovation process. (Nelson and Winter, 1982) With regard to Tekeli (2001), sustainability is emerged in the environmental movement and has become widely accepted in the political process content and it is tried to be redefined as a moral principle. As determined in many academic studies, for humanity, the long-term prosperity and ease the situation related with the worlds natural balance and protection of natural resources usage responsibly. 2.2. HISTORY OF SUSTAINABILITY The concept of sustainability used for the first time in 1713 in order to explain economic use of forests by Carl von Carlowitz was put forward by a woodsman, much later it have been translated into English. The first form of sustainability, without consuming the essence of the forest, which grew up just sprinkling the cut, was expected to benefit from that. Todays sustainability thinking is also called three-legged model (triple bottom line / 3BL). The short-form of definition is, Sustainable development of the existence of the people with economic, environmental and social dimensions to the future. Sustainability is a kind of ideology that involves social life to economy, environment and atmosphere; can see the right to intervene, the world, people and life. As the area of interest and interfere with thinking, sustainability has unprecedented coverage area in history ever. In todays world of science is accepted by everyone. Therefore the appreciation of science to sustainability issues are expected to accept from everyone. 2.3. CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY In recent years, there has been significant discussion in the business, academic, and popular press about corporate sustainability. This term is often use in some cases as a same meaning with other terms as especially with sustainable development and corporate social responsibility. In this part of the research, corporate sustainability and the relationship with other terms will be analyze. Sustainability has been defined as economic development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1985). For businesses this includes issues of corporate social responsibility. In other words, corporate sustainability can be identified as meeting the needs of a firms direct and indirect stakeholders like shareholders, clients, employees, pressure groups and committees, without compromising its ability to meet the needs of future stakeholders at the same time. To achieve these objectives, companies must have to take into account and expand their social, environmental and economical capital base while contributing sustainability in the global business area. Recently, companies have become more sensitive to social issues and stakeholders interest to become better corporate citizens. Regarding this, the result for the companies that they should make significant changes for managing their social, environmental and economic impacts. Worlds largest, best-known organizations like Coca Cola, GE, Unilever, Procter Gamble are leading the world economy the way with taking into consideration social and environmental issues. The Corporate Sustainability Model describes the inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes to implement a successful sustainability strategy (Epstein, 2008). For Wilson, sustainable development corporate social responsibility stakeholder theory accountability are the four pillars of corporate sustainability (Wilson, 2003). The contribution of sustainable development to corporate sustainability is two folds. First, it helps to identify the issues that firms must concentrate like social, environmental and economic performance. Second, it provides social objective for companies, governments to work for same aim, ecological, social and economic sustainability. Nevertheless, sustainable development does not provide the important evidence for the reason that firms action should look like (Wilson, 2003). The importance of sustainable development will be examine in detailed in the following heading of the research. Figure 2: The Evolution of Corporate Sustainability DISCIPLINE UNDERLYING CONCEPT CONTRIBUTION TO CORPORATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABILITY Economics Ecology Boundaries of the subject matter and description of a common societal goal. Social Justice CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Ethical arguments as to why corporations should work towards sustainability goals. Moral Philosophy CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY Strategic Management STAKE HOLDER THEORY Business arguments as to why corporations should work towards sustainability goals CORPORATE ACCOUNTABILITY THEORY Ethical arguments as to why companies shouldreport on sustainability performance. Business Law 2.3. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT The conceptual idea of sustainable development has become a long-term place. This concept has been formed as a result of many international organizations especially The United Nations intensive works. Especially since 1970, a lot of scientific research and conferences were held both globally, national and local levels. Every new study has contributed to the idea of sustainable development become conceptual. Aforementioned studies should be sort chronologically in this format; i. The World Conservation Strategy-WCS The concept of sustainable development is first used at the World Conservation Strategy. This is the first formulation of sustainability and it is more ecological approach. According to this approach, development policies should have three priorities (Soussan, 1992: 21-24). Soussan, J. G. (1992), Sustainable Development, Environmental Issues in the 1990s, A. M. Mannion and S. R. Bowlby (ed.), John Wiley Sons, West Sussex, England, ss. 21-35. Protection of ecological process. Sustainable use of resources. Preservation of genetic diversity. The World Conservation Strategy (WCS) is more focused on the physical environment.  This approach of WCS has been criticized by the anti-growth. (Soussan, 1992: 24) ii. World Comission on Environment and Development Report- Our Common Future (1987) Brundtland Report was formed in 1983 by the period of the United Nations Secretary Generals request and upon the proposal and headed by Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland and the participants from twenty different countries in The World Environment and Development Commission (WCED) and submitted to the United Nations General Assembly in 1987. The most detailed used definition of sustainable development was expressed by WCED report, Our Common Future (1987), as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. iii. United Nations Environment and Development Conference- Rio de Janeiro (1992) United Nations Environment and Development Conference was organized between 3-14 June 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with the participation of 178 states. Rio Conference was adopted that Sustainable human development is at the heart of the case, consistent with the nature of every human being, the right to a healthy and productive life. With the Rio Conference, the scope of the sustainable development concept has greatly extended and has gained a place in the multi-disciplinary work area. iv. European Union 5th Action Program (1992) The most significant feature of this work is the first program that accepts local government as a coalition partner. (Hams,1994: 44-46). Hams, Tony (1994), Local Environmental Policies and Strategies after Rio, Local Environmental Policies and Strategies, Julian Agyeman and Bob Evans (ed.), Local Economic and Social Strategy Series, Longman Group Ltd, ss. 23-46. v. The Commission on Sustainable Development (1993) The purpose of the organization committee is implementing the principles which adopted in the conference, to strengthen the integration of environment and development issues for intergovernmental decision-making capacity. vi. The United Nations Conference on Human Settlements-Habitat II (1996) The concept of sustainable development followed in the historical course, The United Nations Conference on Human Settlements-HABITAT II had an important role. Istanbul Declaration and Habitat Agenda have both adopted in the Habitat II and the concept of sustainable development with a fairly close relationship between human settlements are discussed in detail. Sustainable development process based for many years before, however, it has been in the worlds agenda, widely after 1987 Brundtland Report and a lot of research, conferencing and meeting topics to be continue to be the subject. Sustainable development, the Brundtland Commission defined differently, although described in different ways by different authors during the 25 years.  There is no doubt that, this identifies the most common and accepted definition as a partner in this field, has described the 1987 Brundtland Report. With the words of Harlem Brundtland (1987) sustainable development refers a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation. This comprehensive report is published by United Nations. After a long period of study, the commission headed by Harlem Brundtland published Our New Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland, 1987). Coverage of the report was almost unique by its comprehensiveness; it covered numerous serious global issues like food security, population pressures and human resources, energy supply alternatives, species and ecosystem protection, industrial production and efficiency and peace security issues (WEC, 2001). According to the report, by over-exploiting resources societies may damage their capability to meet the needs of their future generations. The report noticed that, until recently, interventions of human society on environment were small in scale and their impact was limited. However, parallel to industrial and demographic trends observed in recent decades, these interventions have become more constitutional in scale and impact. Sustainable development is a concept that includes society, environment and development and all matters related to complex relationships with each other. In other words, sustainable development is a way of upgrading economic growth and the level of welfare with protecting the environment and quality of life of all people on earth. Increasing world population and its consumption rate, with rapid development in technology in the industry for increased production and environmental pollution hazards has led to the destruction of natural resources. In fact, until the middle of 20th century, the definition of sustainable development covers only environmentalism and nature preserve. The relationship between humans and the environment has always been throughout history, will continue to be. Especially 19  century industrial revolution which occurred in 19th century, these relationships have increased even more and human activities found more damaging for the nature. This fact has not escaped the attention of scientists and in this field has revealed the need for measures to be taken. Starting establishing in the late 19th century early 20th century of some associations and ongoing community of human natures the main objective was to prevent these losses. 2.4. THE ROLE OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Become the most important actors in the globalized world, multinational companies can be defined as companies that have operations in several countries and provider of benefits from international manufacturing (Aribogan, 1996). The term multinational corporations first occurred in 1960 Lilienthal used it to imply to such corporationswhich have their home in one country but which operate and live under the laws and regulations of other countries at the same time.(Kobrin, 2002) When we look at the period 1970-2000, massive growth of multinational corporation activities can be seen. In 1970 only 7000 Multinational Enterprises were existed in worldwide. In 2000 this score picked up to with 63,000 parent firms to totally 690,000. (UNCTAD,2000). Multinational enterprises have been expanding not only numerically also financially. Total sales of the largest 100 multinational enterprises increased from $3,2 trillion to almost $8,4 trillion (World Resources Institute, 2003). As a result, due to their power and capacity, multinational companies usually can affect the domestic policy of host developing countries. Sustainable Development can not be ignored in studies about management science and theory. (Galdwin et al.,1995). Over the last few years, the number of articles and projects about global implications of sustainable development has significantly increased (Banerjee, 2002). Because of increasing ratios of academic researches, debates abound among the basic players in the economy is multinational companies. These enterprises operate worldwide and they are strictly committed to foreign direct investment (Mclntyre, et al,2009). Multinational companies play a significant role in the generation of sustainable development strategies. Multinationals inflict dynamic and complicated strategic processes that consolidate social phenomena in different ways like social, economic, cultural and legal aspects of these phenomena influence each other (Mclntyre, et al,2009). Through to the incredible increase of knowledge related with sustainable development strategies and growing importance of multinational companies, it is necessary to review last few years research process. In a global context multinational enterprises had an slightly increasing importance till these years. Many studies have examined the role and importance of Multinational Enterprises in sustainable development in developing and underdeveloped countries. These studies identified that a variety of economical, social, political and legal situations in the host country may pick up or slow down the progress of sustainable development process. For instances, researchers highlight that multinational enterprises have a crucial role at the beginning of this process because they are decision-makers in countries. On the other hand, environmentalists are generally dejected the addition values of Multinational Enterprises especially about protecting the natural environment in host developing countries (Gafaru, 2006). Because of their exigent need for employment occasion, many low-income countries are usually obliged to organize their regulations about environment flexible, to attract foreign investors. According to Gafaru, developing countries are likely to be a haven for pollution intensive industries of Multinational enterprises. Rasiah (1999) also pointed that, the reason of the inferior machinery transferring from multinational firms to Malaysia is the countrys incompetent and lower environmental standards and regulations. Likewise, Blackman and Wu (1998) obtained important reinforcement. They claimed that foreign investment in electricity formation in China increased energy performance and reduced perilous emissions. Neoliberal researchers claim that multinational companies are the key issue to success sustainable development with transfer of new and innovative technologies. Technological development is a significant element for conserving the natural environment because development of technology may help in the manufacture of products which are environmentally-friendly to use. However, the current global trade and investment policies do not require from multinational firms to create new, modern and environmentally-friendly technologies in host countries (Gafaru, 2006) 2.5. IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABILITY There are four main reasons why sustainability has an urgent attention for these years; Regulations Community Relations Cost and Revenue obligations Societal and Moral imperatives Government regulations and industry codes of conduct involve that firms must increasingly address sustainability. On the other way, the general society and activist are becoming increasingly aware of sustainability and impacts to society and the environment. A good performance on sustainability has a positive effect on improving community relations and business performance. Sustainability can also create financial value for the corporation through developed incomes and lower expenses. In other words, managing sustainability is definitely a perfect business decision. Societal and moral imperatives have an impact on environment and for this reason companies have a responsibility to manage sustainability. An individual interest for social and environmental impacts and their social and moral imperatives has led companies to include sustainability in their strategies. (Epstein, 2008) 2.6. SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING Sustainability reporting is the implementation of being responsible to internal and external stakeholders as related to the corporate performance measurement explanations with the aim of sustainable development goals. Sustainability reporting is a broad term used synonym with Corporate Responsibility Reporting that is also used to identify economic, environmental and social impact reporting . In a sustainability report, the reporting of sustainability performance assessment of institutions should be balanced with both positive and negative contributions. Sustainability Reports are generated by GRI (Global Reporting Initiative ) Reporting framework and cover reporting period that have the institutions commitment, strategy and management approach that has emerged in the context of the implications. In other words, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a network-based organization that has pioneered the development of the worlds most commonly used sustainability  reporting framework and is committed to its continuous  improvement and application worldwide. (www.globalreporting.org). From the beginning of GRI in 1997, it has developed in over 70 countries. The main reason of this growth is admittedly a bounce of the coming age of sustainability reporting. In ten years over 1000 companies announce the use of the GRI Guidelines in their sustainability reports. According to King, sustainability reporting has become critical for companies. It is important for companies to build the trust and confidence of its stakeholders. Basis and Guides ve Sector Effects Framework of Report Standard Explanations What to Report? How to report? Problems Figure 3: The Framework of GRI Reporting Consequently, GRI reporting has a significant importance for the companies because it provides to evaluate the sustainability performance with laws, rules, regulations, performance standards and voluntary interventions. It is also important to show how the company affect the expectations about sustainable development and how effected. Multinationals use GRI for comparison the performance in the company and with different institutions

Quote Analysis from Shakespeares Hamlet :: essays research papers

Hamlet, a play written by the prominent writer, Shakespeare, is about a Danish prince whose father was murdered by his uncle who then married his mother. The story follows Hamlet for a time period of a few months while he decides how to deal with the situation of his uncle and mother. An important rising conflict is Hamlet?s soliloquy during act III scene I, where he finally realizes the significance of his actions towards his uncle, Claudius. Fortinbras? prompt rebuttal against Denmark for his father?s murder intrigued Hamlet and made him examine the emphasis needed to be placed on the death of his own father. Throughout the soliloquy, Hamlet mentions many thoughts surrounding this dilemma and shows a deeper, more will-powered side of himself. ?To be or not to be- that is the question, although this quote is only a mere ten words, its value is innumerable. Hamlet is contemplating life and death, not only for himself, but also for Claudius. He is considering committing suicide with all the pressures placed on him by his father?s ghost and his conscience knowing the truth regarding his predecessor?s murder. Hamlet is questioning whether or not it is better to live everyday waking up and seeing his step-father who had once been known solely as his uncle, and acknowledging the crime committed. Or is it more beneficial to simply to concede defeat and kill himself, relinquishing himself from performing the very deadly sin he condemns Claudius for doing. Hamlet then moves on to discuss death and metaphorically relates it to an endless sleep that ends all heartache. The thought of eternally sleeping seemed appealing for him, but then he continues to analyze it, and determines there must be a reason people live miserable lives. Simply put, humanity is afraid of death, but if it is merely a long nap, what is there to fear? Therefore, Hamlet decides that the dreams experienced after death is worse than those wretched lives. This thought may have given him new look on life, or he could have just possibly realized that he was the only person left to defend his father?s honor, but later in the story, Hamlet has a sudden change of heart and resolves that he will kill Claudius no matter the obstacles in his path. Quote Analysis from Shakespeare's Hamlet :: essays research papers Hamlet, a play written by the prominent writer, Shakespeare, is about a Danish prince whose father was murdered by his uncle who then married his mother. The story follows Hamlet for a time period of a few months while he decides how to deal with the situation of his uncle and mother. An important rising conflict is Hamlet?s soliloquy during act III scene I, where he finally realizes the significance of his actions towards his uncle, Claudius. Fortinbras? prompt rebuttal against Denmark for his father?s murder intrigued Hamlet and made him examine the emphasis needed to be placed on the death of his own father. Throughout the soliloquy, Hamlet mentions many thoughts surrounding this dilemma and shows a deeper, more will-powered side of himself. ?To be or not to be- that is the question, although this quote is only a mere ten words, its value is innumerable. Hamlet is contemplating life and death, not only for himself, but also for Claudius. He is considering committing suicide with all the pressures placed on him by his father?s ghost and his conscience knowing the truth regarding his predecessor?s murder. Hamlet is questioning whether or not it is better to live everyday waking up and seeing his step-father who had once been known solely as his uncle, and acknowledging the crime committed. Or is it more beneficial to simply to concede defeat and kill himself, relinquishing himself from performing the very deadly sin he condemns Claudius for doing. Hamlet then moves on to discuss death and metaphorically relates it to an endless sleep that ends all heartache. The thought of eternally sleeping seemed appealing for him, but then he continues to analyze it, and determines there must be a reason people live miserable lives. Simply put, humanity is afraid of death, but if it is merely a long nap, what is there to fear? Therefore, Hamlet decides that the dreams experienced after death is worse than those wretched lives. This thought may have given him new look on life, or he could have just possibly realized that he was the only person left to defend his father?s honor, but later in the story, Hamlet has a sudden change of heart and resolves that he will kill Claudius no matter the obstacles in his path.

Interest groups and political parties Essay

Although they both serve as linkage institutions, interest groups and political parties have different goals in politics. The fundamental goal of interest groups is to influence legislative decisions and public policy by attempting to focus people’s attention on these topics or educate them on a certain issue or a small group of issues. They do this mostly by lobbying congressional committees at the local, state, and national levels, usually during campaign season. Grassroots lobbying and political action committees play a big role in lobbying efforts. Congress relies on funding and support from interest groups, and in return, the legislation focuses on the issues in which supporting interest groups specialize. Unlike interest groups, the main goal of political parties is getting their representatives elected as president or to other government positions. In order for political parties to be successful, they must hear out interest groups to determine which issues people are truly concerned about; parties are required to focus on a wide range of issues. Political parties also rely on media and advertising to get support and campaign funds. This is taken care of mostly by PACs within the party. Political parties tend to serve the interests of the politicians themselves rather than the constituency, but they are often successfully swayed when interest groups lobby Congress, Interest groups play a big part in the success of politicians and political parties in general. When a politician agrees to bring up a certain issue in Congress or any other position if he or she is elected, an interest group concerned with that issue will support his or her campaign with financial contributions. More money makes for stronger campaigns, so parties are able to have a big enough influence so that they are able to get their politicians elected. Interest groups will also publically endorse candidates who they feel would meet the needs of the group and raise awareness for issues that certain candidates want to focus on, if elected. While endorsing the viewpoints of politicians during their campaigns helps political parties to get their representative into office, it also benefits the interest groups themselves. When an interest group raises awareness on a certain issue to support a candidate, it is also further informing the constituency. Although interest groups do notparticipate in elections, getting their point across while advocating for a candidate usually results in more supporters. The public’s reaction to certain issues communicated by interest groups also helps to determine which topics of concern are on the public agenda. This allows interest groups to alter their lobbying techniques and focus on different congressional committees. Thus, there is a distinct relationship between interest groups and political parties that allows for mutual benefit within the government.

The Dangers of Facebook

They found that 65% of Facebook users accessed their account daily, usually checking it several times to see if they had received new messages. The amount of time spent on Facebook at each log-in varied from just a few minutes to more than an hour. The Ohio report shows that students who used Facebook had a â€Å"significantly† lower grade point average – the marking system used in US universities – than those who did not use the site. â€Å"It is the equivalent of the difference between getting an A and a B,† said Karpinski, who will present her findings this week to the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.She has not yet analysed whether a student’s grades continue to deteriorate the longer he or she spends on Facebook. Some UK students have already spotted the potential danger. Daisy Jones, 21, an undergraduate in her final year at Loughborough University, realised the time she was spending on Facebook was threatening her grades – prompting her to deactivate her account. â€Å"I was in the library trying to write a 2,000-word essay when I realised my Facebook habit had got out of hand,† she said. â€Å"I couldn’t resist going online.You do that, then someone’s photo catches your eye. Before you know it, a couple of minutes has turned into a couple of hours and you haven’t written a thing. † Jones is among the few to have recognised the risks. According to Karpinski’s research, 79% of Facebook-using students believed the time they spent on the site had no impact on their work. Facebook said: â€Å"There is also academic research that shows the benefits of services like Facebook. It’s in the hands of students, in consultation with their parents, to decide how to spend their time. †

Biological Clocks essays

Biological Clocks essays Biological clocks, internal molecular machines that keep track of time within organisms, and circadian rhythms, which keep track of the 24-hour cycle of day and night and light and dark, both enable organisms to adapt their behavior according to the most suitable conditions. There are many selective advantages that go along with the biological clocks of organisms, allowing them to be more productive, reproduce more easily, and mature in the most favorable conditions. These internal clocks help to ensure the evolutionary success of a creature within its habitat or environment during the most favorable conditions. Plants are more plentiful in the summer due to increased sunlight, growing more than they do in any other reason. Animals often hunt of forage for food in the daylight, especially during the summer, when food is the most plentiful and grows the best. It is their internal clocks that tell them to begin to gather the food needed, not only for that season but also for seasons ahead, when food will not be as readily available. This makes different creatures more able to survive the harsh winters that may follow. The habit of sleeping during the colder, darker period of winter is known as hibernation and is regulated by a biological clock within many organisms. Instead of migrating long distances to a better climate or source of winter food, hibernating animals typically respond to local conditions by finding a safe, well-insulated dwelling and then altering their behavior, lowering metabolisms and sleeping all winter. Hibernation is a well-regulated strategy to counter food shortages and increased energy demands during winter. Internal signals help an organism know when to end is period of hibernation and return to normal functioning. Often animals have seasonal mating period timed so that the young are born within the late spring to early summer, when food is most abundant. This provides the young with the most ...

Case Study BA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case Study BA - Essay Example Few widely known facts about the terminal 5 are: Information Systems employed by BAA seems to have incorporated great ideas but they forgot to actually implement the ideas. They had ample car parks and had segregated car parking spaces for public and staff but people and staff could not find the car parks and spent lot of time trying to look for parking spaces. The problem being, the details of parking spaces (no. of slots, in use, empty etc.) were not updated in the information system database and were not displayed at appropriate places for people to see. One of the biggest faults in their system was that the staff at baggage handling and sorting section were not able to log on to their computers. This affected both incoming and outgoing baggage. The security checkpoints were not updated to the staff. There were no maps or location guidelines. Search facility was not ready for both staff and passengers. As far as the methodical preparations for terminal 5 are concerned, BA Authority did have some Information Systems in place. However, the Information System was highly ineffective. The reasons for it being ineffective may be incompetent people in the IT management team, lack of exposure of IT engineers with regard to such a large scale implementation as was terminal 5 of Heathrow airport or any other. The ineffectiveness of the Information Systems can be realized due to the following problems that occurred in terminal 5 on the very first day of its opening. Car Parks and parking spaces were not well managed. No software was employed to keep track of full and available parking spaces. Designated car parks for staff were not available and there were no sign board or any other means to locate the car parks due to which public and the staff spent lot of time looking for parking spaces. There was no signage at any place in the terminal. The terminal should have been equipped with monitors displaying the map of

European Penal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

European Penal System - Essay Example Government became a symbol of law enforcement and maintaining order. Offenders, if apprehended, will be judged through the penal system. Throughout European history, the plethora of apolitical uprising has challenged the European penal systems throughout the continent. These insurrections challenged the penal system in its law enforcement policies, judicial processes, protection of parties afflicted, and integrity. The European governments made amends to their rudimentary policies and strived to not make biased judgments on certain ethnic coterie. In this composition, the history of European penal systems and governments will be analyzed in how victims are treated after their spats with perpetrators. Also, in this essay, there will be analysis of past cases of government malfeasance toward victims and the flaws in European penal systems. A victim is 'a person who has suffered direct, or threatened, physical, emotional or pecuniary harm as a result of the commission of a crime; or in the case of a victim being an institutional entity, any of the same harms by an individual or authorized representative of another entity. Group harms are normally covered under civil and constitutional law, with hate crime being an emerging criminal law development, although criminal law tends to treat all cases as individualized.' (Hans Von Hentig) Scholars tried to understand the relationship the victim and the offender or 'the killer and the killed.' (Robert J. Meadow, pg. 15) Hans Von Hentig was a connoisseur in the early victimisation theory in the 1940s. He established a hierarchy of types of victims being afflicted. Hentig categorized them using personal factors linked with victimisation such as social, psychological, or biological reasons. A few of these categories will be utilised and elaborated upon in conjunction with certain relevant episodes in history. One group that has been particularly victimised is children. In Hentig's first type of victim are represented in the young. They happen to be easily victimised due to lack of maturity and their vulnerability. Hentig suggested that children are usually subject to violent crimes and sexual offenses. (Meadow, pg.13) Young women are docile and lack the physical strength to withstand an attack from a masculine offender. This is the case primary victimisation, a process in which one person is affected in crime. Domestic violence is also cases where primary victimisation occurs. The European Penal system made concessions against crime such as these and was not lackluster in prosecuting rapists, paedophiles, thieves, and murderers. Victimizers as such were put away from law abiding gesellschaft. The elderly can fall victims to such predators. The elderly represent the third type in Hentig's victim classification. Europe's penal system has made dire efforts to eradicate child trafficking. Those who peddle children for money or subjugate them as slaves are vehemently prosecuted. However, despite the efforts of European law officials who use litigation to mitigate child trafficking, it seems futile because children who are victimized are not convinced that the government is on their side. I commend the organizers of this meeting for recognizing the synergy between the prosecution of traffickers and the protection of victims,

War in Afghanistan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

War in Afghanistan - Research Paper Example That is what the point of this research is: to find out how relevant the war really is today. II. Subjects for Study According to Hersh (2004), "A report for the United Nations Development Program...stated that the nation was in danger of once again becoming 'a terrorist breeding ground' [if they did not receive more development aid]" (p. 145). This paper will basically focus upon 30 individuals. The number thirty is chosen because that is a statistically significant number. The subjects which are most likely to be chosen will probably be a mixture. People will be from different ethnic backgrounds. People to be surveyed will be from different races. They will be, most likely, from the city and the suburbs. People to be surveyed will be married, single, and divorced. Ages of survey participants will range from 18 years to 80 years, on average. No one younger than 18 will be surveyed due to ethical considerations, which will be discussed more in the next section. Additionally, it is probably highly likely that no one over age 80 will be surveyed due to the fact that there might not that many older people to survey. Basically, people are going to be asked those three questions. A survey will be given. The results will be tallied. The research will be presented in the form of graphs. III. Ethical Considerations The ethical considerations of the research are many. The interviewer will have to make sure that it is okay with the people being interviewed to be asked these opinions. Additionally, people might feel frustrated with the war. According to Schroen (2005), "The debate continued over the fate of Kabul and how to deal with... According to Hersh (2004), "A report for the United Nations Development Program...stated that the nation was in danger of once again becoming 'a terrorist breeding ground' [if they did not receive more development aid]" (p. 145). No one younger than 18 will be surveyed due to ethical considerations, which will be discussed more in the next section. Additionally, it is probably highly likely that no one over age 80 will be surveyed due to the fact that there might not that many older people to survey. Additionally, people might feel frustrated with the war. According to Schroen (2005), "The debate continued over the fate of Kabul and how to deal with the Northern Alliance. The lack of focus in [the main] bombing campaign was of concern, becauseefforts to date seemed to be having little impact on the Taliban forces and their willingness and ability to fight" (p. 302). The way the Taliban came to power is a complex issue. According to Rashid (2000), "between 1994 and the capture of Kabul in 1996, the Taliban's decision-making process was to change and become highly centralized, secretive, dictatorial, and inaccessibleMoreover after 1996, the Taliban made known their desire to become the sole rulers of Afghanistan without the participation of other groups" (p. 95). According to Fiscus (2004), "America's greatest problem was finding targets in Afghanistan.

To determine the concentration of limewater Essay Example for Free

To determine the concentration of limewater Essay The aim of my experiment is to find the concentration of limewater solution provided. To do this I am provided with the following chemicals. Limewater: 250cm (1g dm ) Hydrochloric acid at concentration of 2 mol dm As you can see the hydrochloric acid is too concentrated for titration (i.e. one drop could change the colour of the solution.) therefore this acid will need to be diluted. Background knowledge: Limewater can be made by dissolved slacked lime in water to get a solution of calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH) 2 ) Quicklime + water slaked lime CaO (s) + H2O (l) CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) In this reaction it shows the calcium oxide reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide. After adding more water to calcium hydroxide, it produces the saturated aqueous solution known as limewater. My experiment will be based on this neutralisation reaction between the limewater and hydrochloric acid. Ca(OH) 2(aq) + HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) ï ¼Ë†back ground knowledge of limewater provided by AS chemistry 1 page†¦Ã¯ ¼â€° Diluting hydrochloric acid: My first task for this experiment is to dilute the hydrochloric acid. To do this I first needed to work out how many moles I wanted for hydrochloric acid. For this part of my calculation I choose to use text book Calculations for chemistry to help me. Page†¦.. Ca(OH) 2(aq) + HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) 1gdm of Ca(OH) 2 Number of moles of limewater Mr of lime water= 40.1 + (16 x 2) + (1 x 2) = 74.1 Mass of lime water=1g Moles of lime water =mass(g)/Mr So 1/74.1=0.13 mol dm-3 Molarities of limewater solution: Morality = no. moles of limewater / volume = 0.013 / 1 = 0.013 mol dm So there is 0.013 mole of Ca(OH) 2 per every 1000cm3 of solution. Therefore 25cm should contain 3.2510-4 moles of Ca(OH) 2. 0.013/40=3.2510-4 mole Ratio of limewater: Hydrochloric acid = 1: 2 = 3.25 x 10 : 6.5 x 10 The hydrochloric acid is 2M which is 2 moles HCl in 1dm of solution. I need 6.5 x 10 moles of acid. Now I need to work out the volume of hydrochloric acid like this: Volume = no. moles x 1000 / concentration = 6.5 x 10 x 1000 / 2 = 0.325cm I want a 25cm titre that contains 6.5 x 10 mol dm Now I need to work out the concentration of hydrochloric acid. Concentration = no. moles x 1000 / volume = 6.5 x 10 x 1000 / 25 = 0.026 mol dm I now know that I want 0.026-mol dm of hydrochloric acid for the reaction to work. But I have been supplied with 2.00-mol solution. I want 250cm of dilute hydrochloric acid at 0.026-mol dm. The total no. moles in 250cm is unknown. 250 cm of the solution should be enough to repeat the experiment. Total number of moles of HCL: No. moles = concentration x volume / 1000 This equation is rearranged to make: Volume = no. moles x 1000 / concentration So 1000cm contains 0.026 moles therefore 250cm contains 0.0065 moles Volume of hydrochloric acid I need : Volume = no. moles x 1000 / concentration = 0.0065 x 1000 / 2 =3.25cm Apparatus Pipette25ml Burette50ml Conical flask 250cm Volumetric flask 250cm Graduated pipette Clamp + stand White paper Distilled water Squeezing pump Safety: Concentrated HCL must be handled with extreme caution due to its corrosive property. Goggle and lab coat must be worn all the way through the experiment. Rubber gloves must be worn when handling concentrated HCL. Hazard sheet must be filled before the experiment. Chemicals used for my titration: Chemical in burette: hydrochloric acid( 0.026mol dm ) Chemical in conical flask: lime water Indicator: methyl orange Method: Here is how I am going to carry out my experiment: Part 1: diluting acid. Add the 3.25cm of hydrochloric acid to the volumetric flask using the graduated pipette to get the exact amount of hydrochloric acid. Fill the same volumetric flask with distilled water until is reaches 250ml. This should now make my dilute hydrochloric acid with 0.0065 -mol dm. Now the hydrochloric acid is ready. Part 2: the titration. Wash burette with tap water, then distilled water and finally with hydrochloric acid. Wash the conical flask with tap water, then distilled water and finally with limewater Set up titration apparatus. Fill the burette with 50cm of the dilute hydrochloric acid making sure the bottom of the meniscus is reading at 50 on the burette. Using a funnel to put the dilute hydrochloric acid in the burette increases safety against spillage. Fill the conical flask with 25cm of limewater using the squeezing pump and pipette. Add three drops of methyl orange to the limewater and mix until it turns a light yellow depending on the concentration of the methyl orange. Place the conical flask containing limewater onto a white paper. Start to run the dilute hydrochloric acid steadily, starting of constantly when a you see a localised colour change, then start to add small drops, finally into drop by drop. shake the conical flask after every drop of HCL is added. This will make sure you will use the exact amount of hydrochloric acid when the colour changes. This improves accuracy and reliability. Repeat all the tests at least three times (Time dependent) so that an average can be obtained. Repeating the experiments several times will help to produce better and more accurate results, as any inaccuracies in one experiment should be compensated for by the other experiments. Note all the results in a table. One thing I have to decide is what indicator I want to use. The indicators methyl orange and phenolphthalein are pretty much one-three drops change and a clear change. The pink/colourless change for phenolphthalein is very definite, the yellow/pink change for methyl orange is clear too. Because these are clear it means I can tell when the reaction has finished easier than using other indicators. Limewater, which is calcium hydroxide, is a strong alkali, even though it is only sparing soluble. Its pH is 14. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. This means that even if you have quite a weak concentration it completely dissociates in water into H3O+ ions and OH- ions giving a pH of 1 (The pH is a measure of how many hydrogen ions are present in solution). For the reaction of Calcium hydroxide and Hydrochloric acid I would use methyl orange. It changes colour at around pH 4.4 and will change from yellow in acid to pink in alkali by the addition of limewater. To make this experiment as accurate as possible, the pipette, burette and volumetric flask only have a percentage error of + or – 0.1%. This is only a small error. Also making sure the hydrochloric acid is poured into the burette carefully using a funnel will prevent the hydrochloric acid pouring down the side of the burette.

What Drives Conflict Fragile States Greed Or Creed Politics Essay

What Drives Conflict Fragile States Greed Or Creed Politics Essay Under what conditions if any can Greed, Grievance and Creed be said to steer conflict in fragile states? The concept of fragile states has become very noticeable and that it is being related first and foremost to the United States national security doctrine of September 2002 and the assumed right to intervene preemptively as in Iraq has rightly turned many into skeptics toward this new consensus. It must be said, however, that while there are considerable reasons for that concern, the issues it raises are real. Greed, Grievance and Creed are concepts that seem to be basic in todays conflict. With the end of Cold War bipolarity this is a question that has become of significant importance, prompted by the increasingly visible self-financing nature of rebel movements within intrastate conflicts (Ballentine Sherman, 2003) State failure presents a genuine threat to the international system of globalization, partly, because the system derives its existence based on states and partly, because state failure is the primary cause of armed conflict, civil war, and the everyday threats to the security of people living within the territory of such states. Recent arguments and evidence suggest that fragile states are rooted in causes that reflect a combination of greed and grievance (Collier, 2000). The more widely accepted explanations generally focus on the grievance dimension, which assumes some form of resource or political deprivation (eg. Gurr, 1970; 2000). The greed explanation on the other hand assumes that rebels act in pursuit of self-interest material gain. Oil, diamonds, timber, precious stones and other primary commodities form the basis of the contestable resources over which rebels fight their governments. The term greed, moreover, serves as a convenient appellation to describe self-interested be haviour and the resources available to pay selective benefits. In effect, a strong resource base serves as a mechanism for mobilization Grievance-based issues are at the core of the process that leads to civil conflict in fragile states, but greed becomes salient when the rebel leadership begins to face a difficult task of motivating soldiers. In effect, grievance leads to collective behaviour, but defection is always a problem so rebel leaders resort to selective benefits that tap into self-interested behaviour. That is, since preferences of the leadership and soldiers generally differ, the leaders must pay selective benefits to keep rebel soldiers from defecting. This is made easier when extractable resources are contested and controlled by rebel forces. The most visible instances currently involve Sub-Saharan African countries trading in easily extractable diamonds, but the opiate trade in Asia and South America also reflects this role of exploitable resources as one mechanism fo r fuelling conflict. My argument proceeds as follows. First, I would ground this discussion in a general body of literature, for which the greed explanation provides a small but influential component. Next, present a theoretical framework from which to think about the role of self interested versus collective behaviour in conflict of fragile states and also showing other mechanisms affecting greed. I would also discuss the theories of greed and grievance and their effects on fragile states. Greed theorists (Collier 2000; Giuliano 2006) contend that grievances do not affect the probability of conflict as grievances are a constant factor in ethnic conflicts and thus have no explanatory power. So, although this essay offers no direct support of the greed hypothesis they do, indirectly challenge their contention that grievances can be ignored as a contributing factor in explaining the decision of ethnic groups to move to violence to achieve their political goals. GRIEVE VERSUS GRIEVIANCE The greed versus grievance dichotomy is a useful entry point into the debate about the causes of conflict in fragile states. In certain instances, where there are substantial quantities of capturable natural resource and wealth present such as alluvial diamonds, oil or drugs, greed may be the dominant factor prolonging conflict, but without group formation (for which some historical grievances are important) violent collective action cannot take place. In short, grievances can be present without greed, but it is difficult to sustain greedy motives without some grievances. Although greed and grievance are regarded as competing views, they may be complementary, as greed may lead to grievances and vice versa. The greed or grievance explanations (or some hybrid form of both) may be necessary for the outbreak of civil war, but arguably they are not sufficient. This is because the causes contribute to the risk of conflict, yet some societies despite having conditions pre-disposing them to civil war, such as horizontal inequality, polarisation and natural resource rents, do not descend into conflict. I argue that for the forces behind either greed or grievance to take the form of large-scale violence there must be other factors at work. GRIEVIANCES AND CREED AS CONFLICT DRIVERS Greed generates grievances and rebellion, legitimising further greed (Keen 2008: 32) Grievance borne of deprivation is an individual concern that manifests itself collectively. In the context of conflict or rebellion, grievance is sometimes described as a justice-seeking motivation. The discussion in this section on grievances begins with grievance based theories of conflict before moving on to measurement issues. THE THEORY OF GRIEVIANCE The grievance approach contends that the probability that an ethnic group will resort to violence can be explained by the level of aggravation/relative deprivation they feel toward their wider society. There are two components to grievance; underlying and proximate. Underlying grievance level is a function of several contextual factors including level of autonomy; conditions compared to those under the previous regime; ability to express anger or dissatisfaction; and satisfaction on other issues. Proximate grievance is a function of the issue triggering the current crisis. Issues that threaten a groups ability to freely express their identity are theorized to generate greater frustration and thus aggression than issues that are less central, or salient. Central to grievances are identity and group formation. An individuals utility may be related to his identity, specifically the relative position of the group he identifies with in the social pecking order; see Akerlof and Kranton (2000). An individual may derive utility from certain normative forms of behaviour appropriate to his identity but considered deviant by other groups, and may even face sanctions from like-minded group members if he deviates from them. This type of behavioural paradigm may be related to solving the collective action problems (Olson, 1965), without which organised large-scale violence is impossible, even if we believe conflict is primarily motivated by greed. As noted earlier, some appropriate definition of ethnicity may be a superior basis for group formation compared to social class in an ethnically homogenous society. This essay classifies theories of grievance into relative deprivation, polarization and horizontal inequality but focuses on relative deprivation. While it is important to differentiate them, some overlap amongst the three definitions is inevitable. RELATIVE DEPRIVATION The notion of relative deprivation dates back to the work of Ted Gurr (1970) who defines it as the discrepancy between what people think they deserve, and what they actually believe they can get; in short the disparity between aspirations and achievements. Thus, educational achievements may raise the aspirations of young people, but they will become frustrated if unemployed, occasionally venting their feelings in mass political violence. Gurr puts forward the following hypothesis, the potential for collective violence varies strongly with the intensity and scope of relative deprivation among members of a collectivity (p.24). This lays down the notion of relative deprivation as the micro-foundation for conflict. Relative deprivation is considered to be a major cause of internal conflicts, civil wars as well as sectarian and routine violence. The applications vary across ethno-communal lines, regional boundaries, societal class, or just the feeling of being relatively deprived vis-à   -vis the general situation. In the eastern Indonesian province of Maluku, the traditionally privileged Christians group felt relatively deprived against the rising Muslim community economically and politically, which resulted in the bloodiest Muslim-Christian conflict in the countrys history (Tadjoeddin, 2003). Similar statements centring on unemployment could be made about the Catholic-Protestant cleavage in Northern Ireland. In Nepal, the lack of development in remote rural districts of the country fuelled the Maoist insurgency (Murshed and Gates, 2005). Another type of violence can be described as routine. Tadjoeddin and Murshed (2007) examine the socio-economic origins of this type of violence in Java, Indonesia. It is centred on vigilante violence/popular justice and inter-group/neighbourhood brawls. Routine violence covers group or collective violence, and it is different from individual violence, domestic violence, or homicide-which can simply be labelled as crime. The theoretical underpinnings for routine violence are similar to those utilised to explain mass political violence short of internal war in Hibbs (1973). Using panel data analysis of count data, Tadjoeddin and Murshed (2007) examine the relationship between routine violence on one hand, and growth, poverty, and level of development (including education) on the other hand. The relationships between violence and the levels of education and income are non-linear in the form of inverted-U-shape curves. The reason for this is as follows: starting from low levels of averag e income and educational attainment, when this rise slightly there is much to compete over and quarrel about; this tendency, however, declines with further increases in income and education, as there is much more to lose from violence and as such, grievance begins to build up. Another explanation is the feeling of being relatively deprived since rising education is not automatically followed by rising income. The roots of revolution, conflict and civil war is the misdistribution of resources within society that affects disproportionately particular communities of people. In effect, deprivation writ large borders on a necessary condition for conflict, though deprivation is not a sufficient condition. Lichbach (1994:389) captures this notion of individual motivation by articulating what scholars see as several truths of peasant upheavals: 1) Peasants are unconcerned with broad purposes, philosophical systems, political theories, and the likes; 2) Peasant grievances are specific and well defined, limited and local; 3) Peasant actions are designed to satisfy material self interest, and therefore; 4) Peasants willà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ participate in collective action when they stand to gain particularistic benefits. The rebel elite, on the other hand, are willing to risk more, but also portend to gain more if they are successful even if success entails a compromise outcome. That is, their motivation for leading a rebellion will be more in line with altering the material and political resources of a collective people over self interested accumulation. In effect, in pursuit of this broad goal the rebel elite will organize those for whom the deprivation is personal, and when necessary pay selective benefit to keep rebel soldiers in the fold. Put differently, grievances are not socially constructed by rebel entrepreneurs (Collier, 2000), but instead lie at the core of the motivation to organize in response to the maldistribution of resources, such as land (Midlarsky, 1988) income (eg. Muller and Seligison, 1987), or political access. Initially, such involvement brings with it very little cost. However, as the state begins to respond to what it perceives as a threat, costs will be incurred at the individual level (Regan and Henderson, 2002; Gartner and Regan, 1996). As the cost of protest or rebellion increase a rational individual will look to defect from the movement, unless the rebel leader can find a way to counterbalance the costs by way of selective benefits. As the opposition movement germinates the requirements of the selective benefits can be rather low, but as the threat to the state increases, so does the level of repression and subsequently the demands by rebel soldiers for selective side payments. That is, there is a distinction between the onset of protest and the onset of higher levels of civil conflict. Mobilization may be a necessary condition for civil conflict but non-violent protest and violent rebellion are distinct. This is evident in the data on Minorit ies at Risk (Gurr, 2000). Because initial mobilization may carry minimal cost, grievances may well be sufficient to motivate the disaffected to participate in protest activities. In economic terms the cost of rebel labour is low because the size of the potential labour pool is large. However, the costs associated with full scale conflict or civil war are such that only the provision of selected benefits that outweigh the costs imposed by the state for participation can spur an individual to remain committed to the cause, and protection may be the most important side payment (eg. Heath et al,2000). Mason (1996; and with Heath et al, 2000) poses the question of when the non-elite will support the rebels or the government. Presumably each individual has the option of whether to lend support to one side or both sides, or neither sides, and that choice is predicted on maximizing their utility for a given level of effort. Three factors usually influence the conditions under which non-elite support a rebel movement: anticipated benefits, costs, and estimates of the likelihood that support for one group would be detected by the other. In the latter instance the costs are incurred when participation is detected. Using a maximization model analogy to the choice between paying or evading taxes, Mason demonstrates that when there are public benefits from rebel participation (ie, non-excludable), then rebel support will be largely a function of the fear of punishment if their support is detected (1996:70). When fear of detection is high the rebel leadership must resort to paying selective benefits (excludable). However, when the rebels control a specific region and rebel soldiers can be adequately protected, selective benefits can be reduced in proportion to the amount of protection offered by the rebels. Protection comes primarily in the form of shielding participants from the political repression meted out by the state, such that as the state increases repression more people will mobilize around the rebel cause in order to avoid the abuse at the hands of the state. The general arguments present a picture of a group that seeks redress from its absolute or relative level of deprivation, most often a result of formal or informal government policies to channel resources in particular patterns. This distribution of resources or maldistribution increases the incentives for the non-elite to support the elite who are organizing an armed challenge to state authority. But rebel soldiers act rationally and only support a movement when they expect to gain materially from participation. Absent a strong philosophical attraction to the rebel movement the soldiers will be motivated most directly by the provision of both excludable and non-excludable benefits. Both the state and the rebel- elite campaign for the support of the masses by providing a mix of protection, punishment and benefits. My argument suggests that the importance of economic incentives, or at the extreme, greed, depends on two factors: the level of repression a state administers toward suspected rebels, and the amount of protection the rebel movement can provide the individual. When repression is high the individual will be more concerned with protection, thereby decreasing the importance of economic concerns. In effect the excludable good provided by the rebel elite is protection against acts of violence perpetrated by the state. However, as coercion by the government decreases, concerns over protection gives way to those of income with the result that the individual participant must be paid for by means of some other excludable good, which we might think about in terms of income paid for their labour. The escalation from political protest to civil violence, conflict or war is a function of the actions and reactions of the rebels and the state, and I can argue that, it follows an identifiable sequence (Moore, 2000; 1998). As grievances lead to opposition against state policies, political entrepreneurs begin to mobilize opposition supporters. The state response is to try to minimize mobilization through efforts at coercion or concession (Bayan, 2002; Regan and Henderson, 2002). As the state gets more coercive the rebel entrepreneurs have a greater opportunity to provide protection to potential supporters, possibly in spite of not being able to offer economic incentives comparable to those offered by the state (Heath et al 2000). Initially the opposition may adopt non-violent means, but as the opposition grows it will press for greater demands or concessions from the state, in part because their ability to do so has increased, but also because their constituency will reflect a wider spectrum. As the state responds with increasing repression the level of violence moves from protest to rebellion, and possibly to civil war (Gurr, 2000). From this framework we articulate a series of testable premises: 1: The greater the level of inequality the higher will be the probability of observing the onset of protest, rebellion, and conflict in fragile states. Since the ability to provide excludable or non-excludable benefits sufficient to secure the support of the masses will be partially a function of the level of discontent at the status quo position, the lower the level of absolute or relative level of penury political or material the greater the marginal utility of each increment of a public or private benefit. Therefore potential rebels can be mobilized more easily when the pre-conflict status quo position provides for a rather low level of utility. This would be reflected in the wealth of the country that is distributable (per capita GDP) and the degree to which it is distributed equitably (GINI). 2: Higher levels of political repression will decrease the likelihood of the onset of protest, but increase rebellion and civil war. Conflicts in fragile states do not emerge wholly from the wellspring of discontent, but rather move from lower levels of unrest toward large-scale violence and war. Recruitment and mobilization are critical. The ability to recruit and organize rebel soldiers will be a function of the degree of protection that can be provided in return for support, or conversely, the level of random punishment meted out by the government. Initially repression will help to dissuade potential protesters from participation, but people involved in violent forms of rebellion will respond differently to government repression. When the opposition engages in violence high levels of state repression will lead potential rebel supporters to conclude that the probability of punishment is high and approaching certainty. Under these conditions potential supporters will join the moveme nt in pursuit of protection from random punishment by the state. 3: However, given the lower cost for participation in protest activity extractable resources will have no effect on the onset of protest. The ability to pay private selective benefits only to those who participate in the rebel movement is vitally important to a movements viability. In general the government will have greater access to resources with which to pay selective benefits, even though they may choose to attempt to stifle participation through repression. In order for the rebel elite to compete with the state in providing private benefits they must obtain access to resources. Localized and easily extractable resources provide the most efficient means to generate income. Once or if they acquire access to exploitable resources these can be converted into private benefits that increase the incentives for the soldiers to maintain loyalty. The greater the ability to pay these selective benefits the more loyal the rebel soldiers and the more difficult is the task facing the state in trying to offer its own array of private benefits. The abundance of resources is only one factor highlighted by Collier and Hoeffler. The ability of a rebellion to recruit soldiers also plays a key role in making a conflict a feasible undertaking: other things equal, we might expect that the proportion of young men in a societyaged between 15-24 would be a factor influencing the feasibility of rebellion: the greater the proportion of young men, the easier it would be to recruit rebels (Collier 1999: 3). Colliers later work also emphasised the feasibility or opportunity argument over rebel motivations (or grievances), insofar that insurgent movements can only emerge and be sustained when resources are available to finance them (Aspinall 2007). Critics of Collier have argued that his position goes some way to reinforcing the World Banks mandate (Collier was employed by the World Bank at the time). As Mark Duffield (2001: 132-134) emphasises, usefully the only grievance of any relevance is rapid economic decline: in other words, poor economic management. CREED AS A CONFLICT DRIVER Soysa (2001) noted that Creed-related conflicts seem to be more prevalent in highly homogenous religious settings, particularly within largely Islamic and Catholic countries. If there is a clash of civilizations, it is much likely that it is politics rather than civilization. Zartman (2000) sees Creed itself as a need whereby everyone wants to feel some level of identity, through identifying with strong views and/or belief systems. Such needs vary according to the entity and environment, the latter being a social trend of greater significance to the current argument than the former. Individuals have a superior need to know who they are in some circumstances than in others. Three such conditions have a predominantly significant impact on the need for identity: rapid or profound change, breakdown of other identities, and discrimination. Zartman(2000) also notes that when deprivation sets in, it results in identity based conflict as collective needs for identity turns deprivation into discrimination. In addition to this insecurity sets in and eventually breeds grievance in the group. In other words, Creed is an extension of Grievance. It can be argued that creed-based rebellions may be circumvented by when governments channel resources wealth in such a way as to guarantee equitable distribution of resources or wealth. THE THEORY OF GREED Greed in this study is, defined as the predatory aspiration of rebels to grasp material wealth through illegal means short of subjective perceptions of relative deprivation. The greed motivation behind conflict has been popularised by empirical work on the causes of conflicts and war where a cross-section of conflicts in different nations is analyzed together econometrically, and greed is understudied by the availability or abundance of capturable natural resource rents. In Collier and Hoeffler (2004) conflicts stem from the greedy behaviour of a rebel group in organising an insurgency against the government. Greed is about opportunities faced by the rebel group. The opportunities can be disaggregated into three components: financing, recruitment and geography. The most common sources of rebel finance are the appropriation of natural resources, donations from sympathetic Diasporas residing abroad, contributions from foreign states (hostile to the government) or multinational companie s interested in the region. Natural resource wealth is the chief among the three in terms of its relative importance. Recruitment is about the opportunity to induct fighting manpower; something made easier when there is a high proportion of young unemployed males in population, in a setting of endemic poverty and poor education. Geographical situations favourable to rebel groups are mountainous terrain and other safe havens for insurgents. In short, greed simply means the economic opportunity to fight, and should be distinguished from socio-political grievances. Collier and Hoefflers (2004) empirical findings conclude that the set of variables representing rebel opportunity or greed akin to loot-seeking are the main reasons for civil war. By implication, the alternative hypothesis of grievance (justice-seeking) focusing on ethnic religious divisions, political repression and horizontal inequality is dismissed, although its invalidity is not formally tested for. Natural resource rents constitute booty and this f act has been used to emphasise the greed or criminal motivation for conflict in fragile states. Central to the Collier and Hoefflers empirical testing for the greed hypothesis is the role of primary commodities in the economic structure. They measure the dependence on natural resources by the share of primary commodity exports in GDP, and the validity of this metric as well as the statistical robustness of the relationship between resource rents and the risk of conflict has been called into question. Be that as it may, the combined Collier and Hoeffler greed and Fearon and Laitin (2003) messages about greed and state failure causing rebellion, conflict or civil war has had an immense influence in the media and the donor policy communitys thinking about conflict. Therefore, any theorising about greed must be based on the economic motivations for violence and criminality. Belligerents in the wars of natural-resource rich countries could be acting in ways close to what Olson (1996) referred to as roving bandits who have no encompassing interest in preserving the state or its people but are simply intent on loot-than to stationary bandits who take control of the state and seek to maximise their own profit by encouraging stability and growth in their new domain. Conflict in Fragile States motivated by the desire to control natural resource rents could also mirror warlord competition, a term that owes its origins to the violent competition between leaders attempting to control economic resources in the context of medieval Europe. Skaperdas (2002) In a nutshell, a proper greed-based theory of conflict must relate to the trade-off between production and predation in making a living, where we may view war as theft writ large. Violence is one means of appropriating the resources of others. Note, that armed conflict implies the absence of contractual interaction (Edgeworth, 1881), and is in stark contrast to the alternative method of benefiting from the endowments of others via peaceful and voluntary exchange (trade) between economic agents, groups or nations. This implies that we also need to specify the conditions under which violence becomes a viable or more attractive option relative to other alternatives. A variety of game theoretic models describing the non-cooperative and conflictive interaction between groups exist, where the object is to capture the rivals endowment by force. One such model is due to Hirshleifer (1995), where each group has a fixed resource endowment, which can be used to either produce goods for consumption or armaments to fight the other group. Groups exist in a state of non-contractual anarchy vis-à  -vis each other; this also implies the absence of enforceable property rights. The object of fighting is to capture some of the rivals endowment. Success in war is uncertain, and the probability of victory is given by a Tullock (1980) contest success function, where the probability of victory for any group is given by their own military expenditure relative to the total fighting outlay made by all protagonists. Additionally, there is a military effectiveness parameter (akin to what is known as a force multiplier in military establishments); something that raises t he effectiveness of each unit of fighting effort. In the absence of increasing returns to scale in military effectiveness, and if a minimum subsistence income is present there will be a Nash non-cooperative equilibrium associated with some fighting. In other words, in the equilibrium both (or all) parties will be engaged in some fighting with each other, as well as some productive activities; unless one side manages to conquer others due to its individual military superiority. Hirshleifer (1995) describes this as a state of anarchy -something akin to primitive tribal warfare. Note, no possibility of trade is permitted between groups. Skaperdas (1992) outlines a model that is similar because it has a fixed resource endowment which can be devoted to either production or armament. The probability of success in war also depends on a similar contest success function. Both these models, however, neglect the destructiveness of war (collateral damage), and its capacity to ravage productive capacity, additional to direct military expenditure. These models employ intermediate inputs, and not factors of production, which can be shifted between fighting and production at no cost. Secondly, there is no growth in these models, something which would raise the opportunity costs of war. A similar effect could arise from complementarities in production between groups and/or economies of scale, which would make mergers between groups or cooperation in each groups self-interest. Thirdly, the possibilities of peaceful exchange need to be limited (absent in Hirshleifer, 1995) in order to rationalise conflict. Wars can also reflect the absence of institutions which facilitate negotiation and peaceful exchange. Despite these limitations, there is much in these models that can explain the greedy behaviour as analyzed by the empirical exponents of the greed hypothesis. The presence of readily capturable natural resource based rents may make conflict more attractive when compared to peaceful production, as can a shortage of intermediate inputs due to population pressure. These resources are best regarded as a nonproduced prize such as oil or diamonds (which apart from extraction costs are like manna from heaven), whose ownership is violently contested. Secondly, contributions from a sympathetic diaspora (or aid from a super-power in the cold war era) can raise the probability of victory of a potential rebel group against the state. Also, the inability of the state to act as a Stackelberg leader in a potentially divided nation may raise the chances of war between groups in a manner similar to t he weak state capacity mechanism favoured by some political scientists (like James Fearon). For example, in the Hirshleifer (1995) model where different groups are in a state of anarchy vis-à  -vis one another, the ability of one group to behave as a Stackelberg leader reduces equilibrium fighting levels and raises each sides per-capita income. The leader, however, gains relatively less compared to followers, creating an incentive for each side to be a follower. If one group is strong and militarily more effective it will dominate other groups, and there will be no fighting in the equilibrium. This may lead to state formation, which may or